Interval Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Soft Multi Set Theoretic Approach to Decision Making Problems - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2185 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Science Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Interval Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Soft Multi Set Theoretic Approach to Decision Making Problems Abstractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ In recent years the application of soft set in decision making problems has been developed rapidly since it can be applied easily to several areas like computer science, information technology, medical science, economics, environments, engineering, among other areas. In this paper, we give the application of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft multisets in real life decision making problems and proposed an algorithm to solve multi weighted interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft multiset based decision making problems by using weighted choice values. The feasibility of our proposed algorithm in practical applications is illustrated by a numerical example. Keywordsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ soft set; level soft set; weighted function; interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets; interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft multi set; dec ision making. . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Interval Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Soft Multi Set Theoretic Approach to Decision Making Problems" essay for you Create order I. Introduction The concept of soft set theory was first initiated by Molodstov [18] in 1999 as an important mathematical tool for dealing with vagueness, uncertainties and not clearly defined objects. Some new algebraic operations and results on soft set theory defined in [[2], [17]]. Adding soft sets [12] with fuzzy sets [15] and intuitionistic fuzzy sets [5], Maji et al. [13-16] defined fuzzy soft sets and intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets and studied their basic properties. As a generalization of soft set, Alkhazaleh and others [[1], [4], [7], [8], [26]] defined the notion of a soft multi set and its basic algebraic structures and general topological structures were studied. In 2007, Roy and Maji [21] presented a novel method to cope with fuzzy soft sets based decision making problems. Kong et al. [8] mentioned that the Roy-Maji algorithm [13] was wrong and they introduced a revised algorithm. Feng et al. [[9], [10]] studied the validity of the Roy-Maji algorithm [21] and mentioned that the Ro y-Maji Algorithm [13] has some limitations. Also, they proposed an adjustable approach to fuzzy soft sets based decision making problems by using thresholds and choice values and gave the application of level soft sets in decision making based on interval-valued fuzzy soft sets. Jiang et al. [11] studied interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets and their properties. There after Zhang et al. [24] presented a novel approach to interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft set based decision making. In 2012, Alkhazaleh and Salleh [3] initiated the notion of fuzzy soft multi set theory as a generalization of soft multi set theory and presented its application in decision making using Roy-Maji Algorithm [21]. As a generalization of fuzzy set theory [23], intuitionistic fuzzy set theory [5] and interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy set theory [6] makes descriptions of the objective more realistic, practical and accurate. Mukherjee and Das [19] introduced the concepts of intuitionistic fuzzy soft multi sets and studied intuitionistic fuzzy soft multi topological spaces in detail. Mukherjee et al. [20] also introduced the concepts of interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft multi sets and studied their relation in details. In this study, we have proposed an algorithm to solve multi weighted interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft multiset based decision making problems by using weighted choice values. The feasibility of our proposed algorithm in practical applications is illustrated with a numerical example. II. Preliminary Notes In this present section, we briefly recall some basic notions of soft set, interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy set, interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft multi set and level soft set. Suppose that, U be an initial universe and E be a set of parameters. Also, let P(U) denotes the power set of the universe U and Aƒ E. Definition 2.1 ([20]). A pair (F, A) is said to be a soft set over the universe U, where F is a mapping given by F: A ® P(U). Definition 2.2 ([6]). An interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy set (in short IVIF-set) A over a universe set U is defined as the object of the form where MY(x): U ®INT([0,1]) and NY(x): U ®INT([0,1]) are functions such that the condition: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢xÆ’Å ½U, 0 £ sup MY(x)+sup NY(x) £1 is satisfied (where INT[0,1] is the set of all closed intervals of [0,1]). Definition 2.3 ([24]). Suppose that be a set of universes, such that and let for each , be a sets of decision parameters. Also, let where is the set of all interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy subsets of , and . A pair is said to be an interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft multiset (in short IVIF-soft multiset) over the universe U, where F is a function given by F: A ® U, such that For illustration, we consider the following house, car and hotel example. Example 1. Let us consider three universes U1= {h1, h2, h3}, U2= {c1, c2, c3} and U3= {v1, v2, v3} are the sets of houses, cars and hotels respectively and let be the sets of respective decision parameters related to the above three universes. Let , and , such that Assume that, Mr. X wants to buy a house, a car and rent a hotel with respect to the three sets of decision parameters as in above. Suppose the resultant IVIF-soft multiset be given in TABLE I. ivif-Soft Multiset (F, A) Ui a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 U1 h1 h2 h3 ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.4]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.4,0.6], [0.1,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.1,0.3], [0.4,0.6]) ([0.5,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) U2 c1 c2 c3 ([0.6,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.2,0.4]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.3,0.4], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.4,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.3,0.7], [0.1,0.3]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) U3 v1 v2 v3 ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.4,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.3,0.7], [0.1,0.3]) ([0.4,0.6], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.3,0.4], [0.4,0.6]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) Definition 2.4 ([28]). Suppose that,  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶= (F, A) be an IVIF-soft set over U, where Aƒ E and E is the parameter set. Let  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬: A ® INT[0,1] ´INT[0,1] be an IVIF-set in A, which is called a threshold IVIF-set. The level soft set of  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ with respect to  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ is a crisp soft set L( Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶; Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬) = (F Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬, A) defined by F Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬(e) = {uÆ’Å ½U: [ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­LF(e)(u), Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­UF(e)(u)]  ³ [ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­L Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬(e), Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­U Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬(e)] and [ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ®LF(e)(u), Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ®UF(e)(u)]  £ [ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ®L Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬(e), Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ®U Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬(e)] }, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢eÆ’Å ½A. According to the definition, four types of special level soft set as Mid-level soft set L( Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶; mid), Top-Bottom-level soft set L( Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶; topbottom), Top-Top-level soft set L( Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶; toptop) and Bottom-bottom-level soft set L( Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶; bottombottom) are defined in [11]. III. Multi Weighted ivif-Soft Multiset In this present section, we introduce the concept of multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset and examine its application for decision making problems. If we allow the parameters to have different multi weights, then the multi weighted version of the IVIF-soft multiset can be defined as follows. Definition 3.1. A multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ is a triple where (F, A) is an IVIF-soft multiset over U and is a multi weight function, where I = [0,1], specifying the weight wk= Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ·(ak) for each attribute akÆ’Å ½A and a triple is called a Ui-weighted IVIF-soft multiset part of  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶, where is a Ui IVIF-soft multiset part of (F, A) and is a weight function. Example 2. If we consider the IVIF-soft multiset be (F, A) as in TABLE I and suppose that Mr. X has imposed the following weights for the parameters in A: for the parameters Then we have a weighted  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ · for an IVIF-soft multiset (F, A), where and the IVIF-soft multiset (F, A) is changed into a multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ = with its tabular representation as in TABLE II. Multi Weighted ivif-Soft Multiset  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Ui a1, (0.7, 0.8,0.8) a2, (0.8, 0.7.0.6) a3, (0.7, 0.6,0.5) a4,(0.5, 0.3,0.4) a5,(0.7, 1,0.6) U1 h1 h2 h3 ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.4]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.4,0.6], [0.1,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.1,0.3], [0.4,0.6]) ([0.5,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) U2 c1 c2 c3 ([0.6,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.2,0.4]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.3,0.4], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.4,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.3,0.7], [0.1,0.3]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) U3 v1 v2 v3 ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.4,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.3,0.7], [0.1,0.3]) ([0.4,0.6], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.3,0.4], [0.4,0.6]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) Weighted U1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"ivif-Soft Multiset Part of  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ U1 a1 0.7 a2 0.8 a3 0.7 a4 0.5 a5 0.7 h1 h2 h3 ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.4]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.4,0.6], [0.1,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.1,0.3], [0.4,0.6]) ([0.5,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) IV. Multi Weighted ivif-Soft Multiset Theoretic Approch to Decision Making Based on Zhangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Algorithm A. Zhang et alà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s algorithm based on weighted choice values Zhang et al. [28] used the following adjustable approch to weighted IVIF-soft set based decision-making by using weighted choice values. Algorithm 1(Zhangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Algorithm). Input a weighted IVIF-soft set  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" = lt;F, A,  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ·gt; Input a threshold IVIF-set  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬: A ®INT[0,1] ´INT[0,1] for decision making. Compute the level soft set L( Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"; Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬) of  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" with respect to the threshold IVIF-set  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬. Present L( Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"; Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬) in tabular form and obtain the weighted choice value Si of uiÆ’Å ½U, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢i. The final optimal decision is to select uk if Sk = maxi Si. If k has more than one value then any one of uk may be chosen. B. Application of IVIF-soft multisets in decision-making problems In this section, we propose an algorithm (Algorithm 2) for IVIF-soft multi sets based decision making problems, using Zhangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Algorithm [7], as described above. In the following, we have to show our algorithm (Algorithm 2): Algorithm 2. Input a multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ =(F, A,  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ·) Apply Zhangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Algorithm to the first weighted IVIF-soft multiset part in  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ to get the decision Sk1. Modify the weighted IVIF-soft multiset  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ by keeping all values in each row where Sk1 is maximum and replacing the values in the other rows by zero, to get  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶1. Apply Zhangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Algorithm to the second weighted IVIF-soft multiset part in  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶1 to get the decision Sk2 Modify the multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶1 by keeping the first and second parts and apply the method in step (3) to the third part. Apply Zhangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Algorithm to the third weighted IVIF-soft multiset part in  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶2 to get the decision Sk3. Continuing in this way we get the final optimal decision (Sk1, Sk2, Sk3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Remark 1. In the step (7) of our algorithm (Algorithm 2), if there are too many optimal choices obtained, then decision maker may go back to the step (2) as in our algorithm (Algorithm 2) and replace the level soft set (decision criterion) that he/she once used to adjust the final optimal decision. C. Application in decision-making problems Let us consider the decision making problem involving the multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ with its tabular representation given by TABLE II. If we deal with this problem by mid-level decision rule, we shall use the mid-threshold of weighted U1- IVIF-soft multiset part in  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ and we the mid-level soft set of weighted U1 IVIF-soft multiset part in  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ with weighted choice values with tabular representation is in TABLE IV. Mid-Level Soft Set of Weighted U1-ivif-Soft Multiset Part of  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ with Weighted Choice Values U1 a1 0.7 a2 0.8 a3 0.7 a4 0.5 a5 0.7 Choice value Weighted choice value(sk) h1 h2 h3 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 3 3 s1=0.5 s2=1.9 s3=2.2 From TABLE IV, it is clear that the maximum weighted choice value is 2.2, scored by h3. Now we redefine the weighted interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft multi set  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ by keeping all values in each row where h3 is maximum and replacing the values in the other rows by zero, to get  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶1. Multi Weighted ivif-Soft Multiset  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶1 Ui a1, (0.7, 0.8,0.8) a2, (0.8, 0.7.0.6) a3, (0.7, 0.6,0.5) a4,(0.5, 0.3,0.4) a5,(0.7, 1,0.6) U1 h1 h2 h3 ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.4]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.4,0.6], [0.1,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.1,0.3], [0.4,0.6]) ([0.5,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) U2 c1 c2 c3 ([0.6,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.2,0.4]) 0 0 0 0 0 0 ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) U3 v1 v2 v3 ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.4,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.3,0.7], [0.1,0.3]) 0 0 0 0 0 0 ([0.3,0.4], [0.4,0.6]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) Now we apply Zhangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Algorithm to the second weighted IVIF-soft multiset part in  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶1 to take the decision from the availability set U2. The tabular representation of the second resultant weighted IVIF-soft multiset part of  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶1 will be as in TABLE VI. Mid-Level Soft Set of Weighted U2-ivif-Soft Multiset Part in  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶1 with Weighted Choice Values U2 a1, 0.8 a2, 0.7 a3, 0.6 a4, 0.3 a5, 1 Choice value Weighted choice value(sk) c1 c2 c3 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 s1=0.8 s2=1.7 s3=1.8 From TABLE VI, it is clear that the maximum weighted choice value is 1.8, scored by c3. Now we redefine the weighted IVIF-soft multiset  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶1 by keeping all values in each row where c3 is maximum and replacing the values in the other rows by zero, to get  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶2. Multi Weighted ivif-Soft Multiset  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶2 Ui a1, (0.7, 0.8,0.8) a2, (0.8, 0.7.0.6) a3, (0.7, 0.6,0.5) a4,(0.5, 0.3,0.4) a5,(0.7, 1,0.6) U1 h1 h2 h3 ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.4]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.4,0.6], [0.1,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.1,0.3], [0.4,0.6]) ([0.5,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) U2 c1 c2 c3 ([0.6,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.2,0.4]) 0 0 0 0 0 0 ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) U3 v1 v2 v3 ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.2,0.3]) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ([0.3,0.4], [0.4,0.6]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) Now we apply Algorithm 1 to the third weighted IVIF-soft multiset part in  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶2 to take the decision from the availability set . The tabular representation of the third resultant weighted IVIF-soft multiset part of  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶2 is as in TABLE VIII. Mid-Level Soft Set of Weighted U3-ivif-Soft Multiset Part in  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶2 with Weighted Choice Values U3 a1, 0.8 a2, 0.6 a3, 0.5 a4, 0.4 a5, 0.6 Choice value Weighted choice value(sk) v1 v2 v3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 s1=0 s2=0.8 s3=0.6 From the TABLE VIII, we have to seen that the maximum weighted choice value is 0.8, by v2. Thus from above results, the final optimal decision for decision maker Mr. X is (h3, c3, v2). Remark 2. From the above illustration, we have seen that our algorithm (Algorithm 2) is too simple and less computation. We have to consider only weighted choice values of objects in thresholds of weighted IVIF-soft multiset part. Also, our algorithm (Algorithm 2) is an adjustable algorithm, because the level soft set (decision rule) used by decision makers, which are changeable. For example, if we take top-level decision criterion in step (2) of our algorithm (Algorithm 2), then we have the weighted choice value of each object in the top-level soft set of weighted IVIF-soft multiset parts in the multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset, if we take another decision rule such as the mid-level decision criterion, then we have weighted choice values from the mid-level soft set of weighted IVIF-soft multiset parts in the multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset. Generally, the weighted choice values of a same object in the mid-level decision rule and in the mid-level decision rule are need not coincide. V. Conclusion In this research work, the notion of multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset is to be defined and also, we propose an adjustable approach to multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset based decision making by using weighted choice values and illustrate this algorithm with a numerical example. In our algorithm, a multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset is converted into a crisp soft set for solving decision making problems after considering certain opinion weighting vectors and thresholds. This makes our algorithm simpler and easier for real life practical applications. The feasibility of our proposed algorithm in real life practical problems is illustrated with a numerical example.

Problems Within Education Today s Education Essay

Problems Within Education Today For my extra credit assignment I would like to research, and write about the problems in education today. According to chapter eight in the book, worldwide one in five adults can not read or write, two thirds of them being women. The problems we are facing in education can be linked to other social problems such as poverty or unemployment, seeing that those who graduate college make up twenty percent of the unemployment rate, compared to the forty percent of the unemployment rate in people with less than a high school degree. Another issue facing education is the inequality of schools and school districts. School districts with a lower socioeconomic status must spend more money on things like maintaining the school. Thus, leaving less money to spend on bettering the education of the children, which in turn leads to higher rates of drop outs, and lower rates of college attendance. Therefore, leaving them more likely to be unemployed or live in poverty. Finally, another major problem facing the American education system is the lack of financial support. One survey revealed that the most common thing to happen due to budget cuts is to increase the class size, which has been directly correlated with poorer academic achievement. The problems facing education are plentiful, most of which are grounded in financial woes. These effects can be devastating to the lives of the children it affects or society as a whole, due to the statistics correlatingShow MoreRelatedThe Presence Of Operating Women s Crusades1471 Words   |  6 PagesThe presence of operating women s Crusades is an important factor in gaining rights for women. Within many countries there have been lively strives for women s rights during the 20th century to the present, even under the most tyrannical governments. The middle class movement has served as a rallying point in Latin America, as it was within the United States (Miller 159). 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Board Brown versus the Board of Education set the precedent for schooling in America with the ideals of equal education to all, no matter raceRead MoreSocial Change And The 21st Century Classroom1464 Words   |  6 PagesWhile 21st Century learning and teaching is always changing, it is as dynamic as the world around us. There are many factors including globalisation, social change and technology, which are driving changes in education, with a variety of positive and negative impacts on teaching and learning in the 21st Century. With ongoing changes in teaching practices, which in turn changes the attitudes of today’s teachers and learners. A 21st century classroom is a productive environment where the teachers areRead MoreMinority Groups And The Minority Group Within Special Education1698 Words   |  7 PagesDisproportionality refers to the overrepresentation or underrepresentation of a minority group within special education programs and services. 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Leadership Path-Goal Theory Free Essays

string(192) " performance and relationship Before making a decision, critically analyzing the consequences and the action itself will provide some ethical enlightenment to the problem that is being faced\." Introduction Leadership is a serious task that has to betaken by those who are able to understand the society in an objective way. Certainly, the idea of becoming a leader requires serious thinking.   Becoming a leader requires efforts that start with personal development and adjustments. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Path-Goal Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are numerous theories and practices that help the hopeful leaders in becoming the person that they want to be. In the paper to follow, a reflection on one’s ability and self-improving processes would be discussed in the view of the author of this paper. Being a leader is a serious task that requires serious effort and determination to adjust on the part of the person who wants to pursue on being a leader in his or her own field of interest. As Peter Northouse refer to leadership as a â€Å"change that would affect the whole personality of an individual†(2006, 16). It is not true that leaders are born, they are made. Through self-restructuring of themselves, the leaders of today have sprung out from actually being nothing to becoming influential personalities in the human society. How? Because of their determination to make a change to the society that rooted out from the changes that they had to make on themselves in the first place. This is the reason why in this paper, a self-examination process shall be utilized to learn the importance of self-adjustment in becoming a leader. Leadership is one of the most common practices that is found and applied on the different organizations around the world. The need for governance has mainly increased the pressure on institutions specializing in educating aspiring leaders with the needed skills that they are expected to have when they are already working on their own fields of interest. Leadership for many is a virtue learned through the experience of becoming great followers. It requires effort and ample time before it could be said to be the perfect way of showing leadership.   It could be obviously seen how much the people who are considered leaders in the world are viewed as exemplary people and not as people who knows only to command and drives other to work. When it comes to the business industry, the character involving refined leadership is a must to be possessed by everyone. Yes, as leadership itself has strongly affected the lives of many people in the business industry, it indeed is an important character. The idea of being a leader itself is never that easy. Though, through careful and patient learning in adjusting one’s self to be able to adapt to the necessary needed characters of a leader, a refined leadership is never that impossible to acquire. When it comes to the definition of leadership, many groups or organizations have their own view of the characters and responsibilities involved in being a leader. As for example,   House defines â€Å"leadership† organizationally and narrowly as â€Å"the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members† (House, R. J. 2004: page 15). Indeed, the success of the leader would naturally determine the success of the organization he or she is acquainted with. This is the main reason why many people tend to really deeply learn the art of leadership. Mainly aiming to alleviate the effectiveness of one’s leadership skills, leadership schools and courses were opened especially regarding the business industries. This is the reason why the need for path-goal theory application is an insisted demand upon those individuals who are longing to become effective le aders of the organizations that they are aiming to serve. How the Path-Goal Theory is Effectively Utilized The path goal theory is more of a directive motivation on the part of the individuals who are aiming to become leaders of their own groups. The idea is to motivate themselves to motivate others. It is undeniable that people get personal motivation from different areas of life. They naturally get influenced by the different systems of understanding that they particularly grow fond of as they deal with the different challenges that they need to face as individuals everyday. These growth sources could be both derived from theoretical assessments of the situation along with the experiential measure of the situation. It is undeniably true that experience itself makes the theoretical background of each individual grow to a more applicable aspect of learning on the part of each person’s growth. Theoretical learning aspects could be sourced out from institutional instructions while that of the actual learning aspect could be sourced out from on the job trainings or from actual based experiences. Self-learned theories could be observed to have the personal impact of insisting administrative practice of leadership upon a person’s life. How could self-assessment be performed by an individual wanting to be an effective leader? Applying Personal Growth in Leading the Group Being a leader requires many humane aspects in different personality region. Mainly, it requires psychological stability for holding together the team which is to be lead or the subordinates, mental capacity for making critical reasoning and proper judgment, and sociological for relating with the people within the team. Certain traits aside from these are also much required such as interpersonal charisma and pleasing personality. All of these are vital in leadership because of the main fact that the people within the team will look up to him or her for the decisions, actions and guidance thus his or her responsibility is quite complex and morally challenging (Lashway, 1996). Since being a leader is an important task and it deals with people, performing it involves many moral and ethical aspects and if these issues are in contrast with the leader’s personal values then severe contradictions can occur. Thus, the personal ethics is important in playing the role of a leader because whatever the leader’s moral values are will reflect to his team thus influencing their performance and relationship Before making a decision, critically analyzing the consequences and the action itself will provide some ethical enlightenment to the problem that is being faced. Though taking the job, which is considered unethical, would not compromise the moral values of the person, it will surely affect the conscience and the performance of the person and being a leader, this scenario would not post pleasant environment. Considering the impact of the unethical nature of the company would give the applicant a broader contextual perception of the dilemma. (Center for Ethics and Business, 2006). Thus, by looking at the problem completely then other perspective can be considered such as the consequences that the person can do to influence the ethical position of the company. As a leader in the company, the person can establish certain ethical policies that can promote positive outcomes instead of solely focusing on the negative aspect of the company. As an example, making policies and regulation that strongly prohibits smoking among the minors or launching campaigns educating the public regarding ideas of moderate smoking which would increase the pleasant appeal of the company to the society. It may sound very idealistic but it will surely affect the ethical and moral perception of the people with the company thus reflecting positive economic asset to the enterprise itself. A leader has the responsibility to promote the moral values and ethics in his or her work place and this also includes the company’s image itself. By being a leader, a person powers can extend to aspect such as creating an ethical environment regarding the employment he or she pursue with moral adhesion. Instead of seeing a certain job as something unethical, consider a perspective of how a person can make a certain job ethical for himself or herself and the social community they belong lived in. Dealing with such issues of organizational assistance of truthfully realizing their organization’s worth to the society should be faced with the leader with integrity and power over what is wrong. How does he know what is wrong? The theoretical background that he may have learned from school or other instructional institutions that he has attended may as well serve well in these particular situations. Whereas on the other hand, his personal experiences on the matter could profoundly assist him in making considerable decisions that are bound to do something that is progressive for the entire business. The present world is beset with problems that defy solution. So as to be able to meet the challenges of becoming a fine leader for the majority, this paper then requires personal adjustments on a hopeful leader. As it is believed by Northouse, a leader is someone who has competencies in changing the society by starting within himself. (2006, 25) Yes, changing the society is a large responsibility. Providing the people of what they need is a vital part of the responsibilities of being a leader. A hopeful leader could not attain the said goals and complete the said responsibilities without working on his personality first. Not unless he is able to reach his best potential as a person would he be able to bring out the best potential on others that could help them attain their dreams as well. Yes, personal development is essential for creating a leader within one’s self. Realizing one’s personal capabilities and limitations would help one recognize that others too have their own limitations and capabilities. People who have the capability of seeing people as persons who are capable of improving and developing are the ones who become successful leaders of the society. Applying the Leadership Concepts as Learned from Theory and Experience There are different issues of leadership that each person faces in terms of organizational administration. It is indeed helpful that one knows how to deal with each situation as one actually differs from the other. There are at least five major ways of leadership that could be applied in this particular situation of personal growth. Model the Way This particularly refers to the ability of the appointed leaders to become role models for other members of the group. The fact that they are placed in position, means that they have a certain characteristic that is   particularly inspiring. The utilization of the said character shall help the leader set a pattern for others to follow. Once the road has been set, the reality of success is not that hard to foresee. Inspire a Shred Vision Unity is one of the primary reasons behind the success of different organizations. Once each member is able to envision the real goal of the organization as to where they are actually headed to, the inspiration begins. Indeed, everyone has the right to get involved in what is happening and thus be able to understand where the direction of the group is taking them. Challenge the Process Challenging the process does not mean changing the procedures of the organization abruptly. With ample time of adjustment and informing the members of the changes that are to be made, the procedural changes could occur. From this particular way, the organization is beginning to open its doors to other alternatives of meeting the goals of the group. However, to do so, careful planning and examination of the possibilities should be done. Enable Others to Act Including other members of the group within the system of procedural arrangements is one type of motivation that makes everyone in the organization feel that they are of great use for the achievement of the group’s goal. Hence, achieving the goals with them leaves them with the satisfaction of work that they primarily expect from the group upon joining. Encourage the Heart Simply involving the members within the job are not enough. Leaders ought to encourage their members through making them realize of their worth to the group. To do so, the leaders are expected to be able to figuratively touch the hearts of the members of the group so as to empower them to perform better not only for the organization’s sake but for their own benefit as well. Through the consideration given to the five steps of leadership as enlisted above, it could be expected that the appointed authorities would be equipped with the necessary skills that they need to set a straight path for success for the entire organization. However, to do so, it should be remembered that the effective utilization of empowering communication should be applied as well. Without the existence of the said connection between the leaders, the victory that is being achieved may not become reality at all. Conclusion Setting path-goal theory as a major source of improvement upon organizations is a primary effective process of strengthening the capability of the leaders and of the other members as well to face the different issues that the entire groups need to face with everyday.   This particularly means that the changes that organizations are required to meet every now and then require an ample amount of patience and courage from the leaders. Aside from that, it also requires sturdiness when it comes to decision making on the part of the leaders. The policy of â€Å"what must be implemented must be implemented† should always be carried on through by the leaders with an ample scaling of the ethical values that are involved within the situation. Yes, the fact that leadership is not an easy challenge that needs to be conscientiously met identifies the qualities and the attitudes that leaders or aspiring organizational head personnel should posses. Hence, a leader is then supposed to face the said challenges in full courage and knowledge of the strategies that need to be applied in particular situations that they are to meet. Changes need to happen individually. However, making a leader out of one’s self is not an easy task. As they say, the worst enemy one could ever have is one’s own self. This is why learning the art of leadership requires the determination to do well on the said matter. If one is determined to become the best leader he could be, he should be able to accept self-changes and adjustments to be able to attain the goals of becoming and efficient leader. Hence by becoming individually effective as a leader, the learning of theoretical leadership along with the implication of the learning that one gains from experience could be established well as part of the major aspects of application that could be utilized for establishing a fine practice of leadership as per noted by an individual upon himself and his colleagues as well. Through personal assessment of the matter, motivating people would become an easier task on the part of the leader himself. References: Bolman, L.G. Deal, T.E. (2003) Reframing Organizations: Artistry, Choice and Leadership, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Howard Garland. Relation of Effort-Performance Expectancy to Performance in Goal-Setting Experiments. Departments of Management and Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington. Journal of Applied Psychology. 1984, Vol 69, No 1, 79-84. Thomas W. Lee. Explaining the Assigned Goal-Incentive Interaction: The Role of Se/f-Efficacy and Personal Goals. Journal of Management 1997, Vol. 23, No. 4, 541-559. How to cite Leadership Path-Goal Theory, Essay examples

Narrative of an Indigenous Australian

Question: Discuss about the Narrative of an Indigenous Australian, Female Hockey Athlete: Nova Peris. Answer: The lifespan of human beings with adverse mental illness is too short due to intense physical illness. In her autobiography, Nova Peris was born in 1971 and was sensitive about mental and physical health illnesses. Nova Peris infrequently hyperventilated due to anxiety obtained when playing hockey games. Nova appealed to a sports psychologist to help her maintain fatigues and stress resulting from long periods of play in the field. Unlike other hockey players, Nova Peris considered herself fit and secure enough that she did not require frequent visits to the psychologists as that was the protocol of the Hockey (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, 2016). Nova suffered flu and fever in 2000, a health issue that threatened her planned goal of competing at the Olympics in Sydney. Nova Peris as well suffered a hamstring injury that made it impossible for her to assist her Hockeyroos counterparts in Sydney Olympics competition. To maintain her health fitness, Nova pleaded with her coach R ic Charlesworth to take a group of team colleagues to Cobourg for a seven day off in 1966. This helped in building her mental power and reducing stress and fatigue. Mental and physical illness directly caused premature death for Nova's teammates, but for Nova Peris, the commitment she made to herself to ensuring health improvement steps that made her remain fit to participate in 1998 Commonwealth hockey games. Her sense of responsibility to tradition, coupled with the memory of Nova's memory to reconnecting with her natural father, John Christophersen created a significant mental capacity for her (White, 2008). The prospect of success for a healthy transition to a physically and mentally ill indigenous woman, residing in the traditional land of the Murray people and moving with Sean Kneebone her boyfriend made her social life better and thus avoided emotional stress. However, Peris Nova psychology was adversely affected for she felt discriminated and alienated against when she lived at Queensland with Sean Kneebone. However, the move to live at Queensland facilitated Novas career improvement and development since she could run and play hockey everytime which helped reduce fatigue (Bond, Phillips, Osmond, 2015). In this story of Nova Peris, the early of 1997 the indigenous woman moved from Queensland city to Melbourne where she briefly trained at the Victorian Institute of Sport. However, her health started deteriorating while at Melbourne due to poisonous atmosphere brought about by the misunderstanding and breakup of Nic Bideau with his girlfriend, Cathy Freeman. The emotional stress to her friend affected her mental fitness, and this made her return to her husband where the atmosphere was more friendly for maintaining health measures. Poor lifestyle is blamed for economic, environmental, and political factors but the lack of exercises, lack of social fitness, and inability to control stress are the major factors hindering healthy living. In this autobiography, Nova is seen to have teammates whose burden for injuries and physical unfitness lowered their life expectancy levels. This health disadvantage faced by indigenous hockey women players may get related to lack of recognition and acknowledgment that daily body exercises contribute to healthy living (Judd, 2015). However, Nova is seen to be a different woman who knows the importance of mental and physical fitness as it is observed in her autobiography. The late of 1997, Peris moved to train with the handling speed intelligently unit in the US under the management of John Smith. Peris Nova's story has impacts to her personal life, her family, her community, and the indigenous society as a whole. To her life, when she suffered fever, flu, and hamstring injuries in 2000, she never participated in Sydney Olympics competition, and this primarily brought mental stress and lack of mental power fitness to her life. Also, in her autobiography, Peris has persistently taken right measures to maintain her body fitness to be healthy and avoid obesity in her body (Parker Milroy, 2014). However, her friends conflicts with their social friends affect her mental power. Peris Nova is seen to be mentally unfit especially when she goes to train with the handling speed intelligence unit in the US since the manager; John Smith had a fallout with her husband, Sean Kneebone. The story of Peris Nova shapes the future of her community for people can learn the importance of physical and mental fitness for healthy living. Her teammates made regular visits to psychologists to get advice on how to manage family and personal demands with little or no stress (Hollinsworth, 2013). Clearly, the impact of physical and mental illness will have a far long term effect on the newborn indigenous children. Her ability to maintain social and psychological stress is described by her own ability to train hard in the hockey field. She has shown as a role model the effects of physical activities and mental fitness in the healthy living of a person. She trained every day, and whenever the environment became unconducive, she could return to that social setting where the training and the life atmosphere was fit for physical and mental growth. Peris Nova is the role model to both the indigenous women and all women living in the society as a whole. Her participation in 1998 Commonwealth games around Australia establishes an excellent profile to indigenous female athletes while her involvement in the Sydney Olympics Organizing Committee contributes to further development of women co-curriculum activities in the city (Tsey et al., 2010). Her inspirational desire to ensure healthy living with no physical and mental illness makes women in the town of Melbourne and Sydney portray her as an active role model on the athletic stage for all traditions and cultures. In conclusion, this narrative about Peris Nova provides sufficient evidence that physical exercises and living in a conducive social environment contribute to healthy living. The media plays a critical role in creating awareness about indigenous healthy living measures that assist women to avoid health issues of stress, mental and physical illness as well as avoiding obesity (Stronach, Maxwell, Taylor, 2016). Women should make the choice of honoring healthy living measures by pursuing daily exercises and engaging in community beneficial activities. The playing of hockey creates an efficient opportunity for people to start a success journey of their health story that would positively impact on the lives of numerous indigenous populations. References Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, (2016). Overview of Australian Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander health status, 2015.Perth, WA: Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. Bond, C., Phillips, M. G., Osmond, G. (2015). Crossing Lines: Sports HistoryTransformative Narratives, and Aboriginal Australia.The International Journal of the History of Sport,32(13), 1531-1545. Hollinsworth, D. (2013). Decolonizing Indigenous disability in Australia.Disability Society,28(5), 601-615. Judd, B. (2015). Good sports: representations of Aboriginal people in Australian sports.Knowledge of Life: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australia, 184. Parker, R., Milroy, H. (2014). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health: an overview.Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice. 2nd ed. Canberra: Department of The Prime Minister and Cabinet, 25-38. Stronach, M., Maxwell, H., Taylor, T. (2016). Sistas and Aunties: sport, physical activity, and Indigenous Australian women.Annals of Leisure Research,19(1), 7-26. Tsey, K., Whiteside, M., Haswell?Elkins, M., Bainbridge, R., Cadet?James, Y., Wilson, A.(2010). Empowerment and Indigenous Australian health: a synthesis of findings from Family Wellbeing formative research.Health social care in the community,18(2), 169-179. White, L. (2008). One athlete, one nation, two flags: Cathy Freeman and Australia's search forAboriginal reconciliation.Sporting Traditions,25(2), p.1.

The Tragedy That Redefined My Purpose free essay sample

The journey to discovering oneself does not always come easy. From a young age, I had a strong sense of who I was to become, but a tragic incident forced me to redefine myself.Now, as a high school senior, having demonstrated my ability to conquer one of life’s greatest challenges, the boulder that stood before me is far behind. Growing up, I lived and breathed figure skating. There was nothing in this world that filled my heart with such joy. I sacrificed everything in the attempt to become the next Olympic medalist, spending twenty-four hours a week at the rink, all year long, practicing my skills. During the school year, my nights consisted of staying at the rink after hours to brush up on my technique, and cramming in homework until midnight. Having no social life or interests beyond skating, my devotion earned me first place medals in nearly every competition, and ultimately, my shot at making the Olympic trials. We will write a custom essay sample on The Tragedy That Redefined My Purpose or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unfortunately, at my final show, my blade got caught in a rut, causing me to fall and fracture four vertebrae. After several x-ray and MRI scans, the spine specialist made clear the disheartening reality that returning to my sport, or any impact sport for that matter, was permanently out of the question. My aura of happiness turned into a state of melancholy. The pain in my spine was agonizing, and even the most basic daily tasks became difficult. My life was a huge puzzle and I was the missing piece. With my passion being taken away, I had little sense of who I was. After eight months of mental and emotional suffering, something had to change. After all, I had not even tried a single new activity, but rather wasted my days sitting around in misery. Summoning my limited strength, I pushed to rediscover myself, the same way I exerted myself to becoming an Olympian during tough practice sessions. I began the process by putting my energy into local community service projects. By volunteering as a swim instructor and summer reading assistant for children, I grasped an idea of who I wanted to become. After a few months, I devoted time to develop my talents in the arts. The ability to express my emotions through pieces of music and different characters gave me the freedom to let go of my past and start over. From countless hours of practicing an Italian opera song and performing solos at local events, I stepped out of my comfort zone and reestablished confidence. I was not merely surviving, but truly living. Sometimes, simply trying to push huge boulders out of one’s path does not work. When this happens, one must either stay stuck behind them forever, or try to climb over. My injury was an enormous boulder that failed to prevent me from reaching success. It not only demonstrated my ability to work hard in difficult situations, but led me to become the motivated and optimistic person I am today.

Ideology and History Lecture Essays - Politics, Philosophy

Ideology and History Lecture Essays - Politics, Philosophy Ideology and History Lecture Personal Freedom Classical Liberal, absent of . Believe that citizens should be in control, a negative liberty. Free from corrosion. Positive right for citizens to have freedom to become all that you are capable of. Limited Government Freedom is in risk from government, and as a result the government should be limited. Limit to 3 function; Governments should provide society from an army from invasion, provide police force (protect our property within). Provide with a system of court Equality of Right All citizens should be subjects by the same set of rules equally, procedural procedures. Liberal governments are about outcomes rather than the procedures, equity. Consent of the Governed Governments believe that stake should be able to vote, if you own property. If you do not have property then you are not entitled to the ownership of stake. 1642: After this year, Charles the first was executed Divine rights of kings. England becomes a constitution monarchy 1688: The bank of England is created Plays a role into the industrial revolution John Locke writes his masterpiece to government. Essay Topic Traditional Society Extended family, the family is the welfare state of traditional society. Family with a lot of security for a small obligations Strong control of its members, obligations to the family never ends. Divided into us and them Can not be trusted, no obligations to them, only to the extended family. Enhance your honour to the family. Must be married and have sons. Through marriage you should carry the generations, marry up Arranged marriages in Traditional society. Mentality is that young people cannot be trusted If you need any type of loan etc. it is to come from the family. There is a strict rule for labour . Especially when it comes to what men and women can and cannot do. Males always get higher status of labour . Men are viewed as physically strong, brave, proud, self confident , clever, bad tempered, stubborn Women are calm, non violent , moral code. Women cannot be trusted, big 3 priorities for women; Modesty, help secure a good family with marriage, and have sons. Ambitions in a traditional society is not allowed, as it represented in the wrong sense. Life is not about enjoyment. Modern Society Individual freedom is represented, creating no restrictions. Liked to believe that we are Belief that we can overcome anything, and overcome anything. There is deep seated fear of being different. Huge emphasis on self independence . Individual is key Freedom is valued Taught not to listen to elders, and make up our own minds. Believe that we should find our partner with love and not arranged.

History the world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

History the world - Essay Example The early human communities were dependent on the nature for food as they were hunters and gatherers. The early settlements were sparse as compared to the new age due to numerous hunters present, and the game would not suffice. In addition, they would fish for their food along water bodies within their proximity. Their tools were of basic materials such as rocks and wood. They also acquired a language through which they would communicate, and developed the ability to use it in order to pass on what they had learnt. The early cultures were vulnerable to wild beasts and natural disasters, which may have developed enormous fear of the unknown forces of nature, these uncertainties of human life established religious beliefs and practices in an effort to preserve themselves from the unknown forces (The birth of civilisation 2). As the clock turned, the early man’s tools grew more complex and advance, and were more precise. These advancements lead to domestication of plants and animals, meaning that people could move to areas where these plants and animals did not naturally occur. The communities explored other areas such as valleys and riverbeds allowing their expansion and creating room for more advancement. The farmers also built dwellings that are more permanent in an effort to care for their crops from the planting season to harvesting. Along the riverbeds, pottery was acquired, illustrating the beginning of specialisation. Communities can be distinguished from each other owing to the level of social complexity and organisation, as well as their vast economic and cultural activities. For instance, the earliest of civilisations in Mesopotamia would use rivers for irrigation in the fields, which was not observed in other regions. This ensured sufficient food production for the community who would engage in other

Learning Goals in a Pluralistic Society Research Proposal

Learning Goals in a Pluralistic Society - Research Proposal Example All children are entitled to an experience that is variant because each child has a distinct need. The notion that all children can learn in no way embraces the theory that they learn in the same manner or at the same time or at the same level of achievement. Schools began as simple institutions often run by churches and teachers advanced through the leadership chain with out training. (Murphy 1998). Accordingly, as a principal, one must expect to see different outcomes within the same time frame. Against that backdrop, there is a dramatic change in the role of principals and their duties to their students. (Shipman 2007) Simply having knowledge of the educational system is not enough for a principal to be considered an effective leader. (Shipman 2007) This paper seeks to discuss the first standard of the ELCC standards, the knowledge of the principal. The principal has a deep understanding of diversity and its implications for education. Knowledge of the learning goals of a pluralistic requires that a principal assess the goals which are immediate and long term. Firstly, a principal must be able to have a working definition of what a pluralistic society actually is. Banks and Banks (2006) defined the obligations of a leader in a pluralistic society as those that envision: â€Å"Maintaining a democratic society and preserving and enlarging freedom require citizens who embrace democratic values and recognize their responsibilities to help narrow the gap between real and idealized American values† (Banks and Banks p.46). Naturally, a principal has the obligation to teach these values to his/her students. A leadership principal clearly values individuals who are diverse in terms of race, ethnicity, exceptionality, religion, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status or gender. In teaching the staff, the principal must also keep an open and professional relationship with the teachers of his/her school which is revolved

What should be done about Child Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

What should be done about Child Obesity - Essay Example Use of BMI to evaluate obesity in children is more complicated as children are in the constant process of growing. Because children are changing rapidly, the link between adiposity, or â€Å"true fatness,† and the ratio of their weight to their height may be looser than that of adults. However, taking into account specific age and sex peculiarities BMI higher than 85 percent is likely to signify obesity in children (Anderson& Butcher, 2006). Other symptoms of obesity are difficulties with sleep, physical activity, unhealthy eating habits, and frequent fatigue. Caloric imbalance, when the quantity of the calories consumed is higher than the calories expended is primer cause of obesity, along with various genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Anderson & Butcher (2006) consider that children normally are very good at understanding their body; nevertheless, it is difficult for them to control the amount and quality of the products consumed. Among the other causes of extra pounds can be psychological defensive mechanisms, as in stressful emotional situations children are prone to eat more than usual concentrating on food with easy fats. Family behavioral eating patterns play the major role in gaining overweight as it is parents who decide which products to buy and which food to prepare. And of course, children have higher risk of turning overweight due to lack of activities (â€Å"Health Effects of Childhood Obesity†, 2010). Being overweight or obese in childhood has consequences for health in both the short term and the longer term. When the child is diagnosed with obesity it turns out that this health problem is complicated in treatment that is why prevention and early notice are crucial. Among immediate effects of extra pounds it is possible to distinguish higher risk of prediabetics, problems with bones, and psychological problems. Children with extra pounds have higher risk factors for cardiovascular

Advantages and Disadvantages of Merges and Acquisitions

Advantages and Disadvantages of Merges and Acquisitions Acquisitions and Mergers sounds like it is a never ending story, the markets are global and the competition is already impossible. Lots of research have already found that nearly 50 percent of mergers and acquisitions are not effective economically ; so what is the main reason that MAs are still on progress. The possibility of being unsuccessful is increasing. The reason is that these companies are basically large and they are based on complex systems, after merger process, if the activity still shows low performance, the lost might be more than expected. Also this negative situation brings another research process which costs extra to the business while requirement to be successful is getting less for the firms. The process which should insist more details and have a better illustrative level of the business. The aim of my proposal is to examine advantages, disadvantages and motives of mergers and acquisitions. To find out if they show difference through the Merger process and there is any change along last decennium. To find solutions to these problems sometimes quantitive financial analyses will be used and sometimes management performance data. The data will be gained from different industrial organisations. My work is to evaluate the previous researches and theories to mention advantages and disadvantages of this process. INTRODUCTION This dissertation examines the firms mergers and take-over situations to make informative illustrations about company amalgamations. Some chances may be necessary for companies in order to improve their adaptability towards changing and developing markets all over the world. These changes take some forms such as mergers of the companies to increase their power or take – over of a firm by another one. Recent days, there is a tough competition between firms which produce exactly identical or similar products. The companies which keep doing business in the market by keeping their existing size stay behind some firms that merge their powers with others. In addition to these companies that have merger, the co-operations could be made with firms which provide production and logistic needs without any problems ; therefore, all work forces could be used effectively in appropriate profession. Furthermore, the companies which believe in adversity of the development by having a single product or service might try to reduce risk level by having a merger with a corporation which produces different product or service. Th is may cause the company mergers. The possibly important point in the merger of a company is the tax benefits . The company which makes a merger decisions should make some analyses for the purpose of inspecting the propriety of the decision. The reasons of the merger should be investigated very well and the results ‘ benefits should be presented beforehand. I will mention these points in my dissertation First of my dissertation will explain the meaning of the company mergers and the merger types and the reasons will be defined. In the process of the merger, the responsibilities of the companies will be presented and costing process will be explained. Secondly, historical development of the company mergers will be defined and the main company mergers in Turkey will be specified. Nevertheless, two examples of merger process will be explained with advantages and disadvantages respectively. LITERATURE REVIEW There are several motives that may be inside a MAs process. The common one is clear that the buyer company sees the MAs as a profit returnable business. Generally, researchers who have worked about MAs shows it as a different type of investment. Companies will work on acquisitions when they are the most profitable means of improving the business, gaining new techniques, producing different products or working on new countries, or creating new ideas and innovations. So, lots of the same reasons that influence an investment decisions would also influence merger activity ( Weston, Chung Hoag, Mergers, Restructuring Corporate Control 1990). According to Pitts (1977); internal growth and growth through acquisitions were equally attractive alternatives. Moreover Porter (1987) examined 33 larger firms and found that these firms had diversified their operations more through acquisitive growth than through alternative means. However, Porter (1987) discovered that acquisitions often resulted in unsatisfactory performance that in turn led to a large number of post-acquisition divestitures. Roll suggested that gains achieved through acquisitions or takeovers may have been overestimated if they exist at all (1986:198). Although there is some evidence to contrary, the most neutral and sometimes negative results achieved by the acquiring firm indicate that mergers and acquisitions involve trade-offs. For example, Fowler and Schmidt (1989) found that performance declined after a tender offer acquisition (using both accounting and stock market measures ) However, this general decline could be improved by previous acquisition experie nce and affected by percentage of ownership and firm age. Hopkins (1987) found that acquisitions often led to a decline market position. Mueller (1985) reported that companies acquired in conglomerate and horizontal acquisitions experienced substantial losses in market share. Another trade off is demonstrated by Pitts (1977) results showing that firms following an acquisitive strategy invested less in RD than did internal growth firms. Harding Rovit (2004) Mastering The Merger, briefly defined the four critical decisions that make merger successful or simple break the deal. This book is generally talks about the complicated, fast moving and sometimes high rewarded side of corporate deal making. By the help of this book I will have opportunity to learn how to deal in ways that will be useful for my dissertation. Basically, Mastering the Merger is insist of numerous ideas that a manager faces on the top of the dealing process. Moreover, by focusing on the four decisions that is important most, it will help me to clear and simplify complex ideas about merger process. However this book is not a technical book where I can find techniques or it will not give one by one control list. According to Harding and Rovit, most senior executives think that they are pretty good decision makers because of having a strong track record. But when it is time to make decisions sometimes standards changes. The point what I will use from this book is to learn practical ways to manage a deal. Grundy Slack (2005) gives information about mergers and acquisitions clearly. Generally the book talks about the adding value of mergers and acquisitions to companies. In contrast by arguing about adding and destroying value of mergers and acquisitions, it gives chance to me to inspect both sides of the problem. Moreover it includes about historical overview, case studies, examples from EU and ASIA and alternative perspectives of mergers and acquisition activity that I will mention in my dissertation. Also this book is more technical and consist of theories more than Mastering the Merger. By reading this book I am planning to define success of MAs and measure the impact of acquisitions on shareholders returns with examples from history. Watson Head (2007) suggested that the fundamental problem that faces financial managers is how to secure the greatest possible return in exchange for accepting the smallest amount of risk. Obviously this book will help me to write about merger activity more about accounting side. Also it mentions the trends about take over activities and gives real life examples from different companies. It also briefly mentioned about divestment point that the other books didnt. Furthermore it clearly shows the financing of acquisitions. Also there is one more point, which I couldnt find in any other reference books, about empirical research on acquisitions. Lumby Jones (2007) describes the merger process and technical terms such as synergy, revenue strategy, cost synergy, tax synergy, financial synergy, valuing synergy e.g. This book takes merger process and defines it simply by explaining technical terms to the reader. Furthermore it shows the potential complications that surround an acquisition decision. Previously, financing acquisition took place in Watson Head (2007) and also this book gives wide information about this process. Also take over defence is the other point what I will use information from this book. According to Lumby and Jones, takeover defence works if a company is subject to takeover bid that is unwelcome to the management team. Therefore they defined early warning system, city code and three stage defence strategy. Arnold (2005) examines the reasons for mergers ranging from the gaining of economies of scale to managerial empire building. It tries to find answer to this question if shareholders of acquiring firms gain from mergers or not. According to him less than one half of corporate mergers do the shareholders of acquiring firm benefit. Moreover it examines the merger decision process clearly and giving the definitions of merger, acquisition and takeover by mentioning the differences between them. He also mentions UK merger activity statics from 1970 to 2002. As the other books show, this books mentions what drives firm to merger widely. On the other hand he mentions the tactics that a company have take before and after the merger. In other words he gives clues to make merger process as successful as it can be. Copeland, Weston Shastri (2005) clearly defines the merger activity with theories and alternative growth strategies. Furthermore, it carries out a systematic research about mergers from past till today and study on the current merger models. Also it lists merger activity data from different countries together with MAs adjustment process. It also briefly mentions the ways to be more successful on MAs process. Brigham Ehrhardt (2007) mentions the merger process as the other book does. However, it point out the track record for acquiring firms in large deals has not always been good. In other word Brigham Ehrhardt mentions the negative ways of merger process with unsuccessful examples from different companies and merger mistakes. Moreover it explains the process with mini case studies . METHODOLOGY This dissertation will be semi qualitative and semi quantitative. There are varieties of data that I need to collect either qualitative and quantitative. The reason is that I will examine the managers behaviours and decisions at the same time I want to clear the MAs process as theory covers. Also I would like to show statics and use real business examples about management faults. Generally, I am planning to use case studies to explain the process widely with examples and simplify the theory. First of all I want to examine the automotive industry and I will use a case study to show the process from this industry. I will try to define the process with statics analyses and I will examine the results of this merger process. Also I will use online secondary data from websites of these companies and various related websites that will help me to make richer my dissertation. Moreover, I am planning to collect online secondary data from consultant companies about MAs and chosen company. I will also use the accounts of the companies which I will examine as case studies in my dissertation. They will be useful for me to make decisions about the previous and present economical performance. At the same time it will be useful and easier to explain the strategic decisions of the company. Also I will have chance to compare the success of MAs process by looking at the accounts of the companies. Moreover, I am planning to use the journals and economy news to add complementary ideas to my dissertation as secondary data. So by the help of authors and writers point of views, I will hold the control of my research easily. Basically, there are some limitations on MAs process to collect data about companies. it will be useful to use up to date information. So the data ,which I will be collected, will not be affected by the changes . Furthermore, I will request information from the companies which I will use in my dissertation as case studies. If it will be possible to gain information, I will have valuable information for my project and at the same time it will be primary data . I will try to use sources as many as I can to make my research richer to explain the MAs process effectively and answer the questions that I asked in the beginning of my proposal. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Mergers and acquisitions are becoming more popular year by year .But this process is very hard and the world is getting one economically. This situation brings more research prerequisite at the same time being successful is becoming harder for companies. Most of the researchers think that mergers and acquisitions coming to its end but in my point of view it is opposite. In contrast there is an issue about mergers as they cannot be successful anymore. Lots of researches have found that 50 percent half of mergers are not successful economically. Black and Carnes (2001) briefly defined that for 5 years period the profit were negative for MAs through 1985-95. Moreover Thomas Hogarty mentioned mergers as risk takers in 1970. So there must be a reason about why MA s are still being done. According to Jay B. Barney; if cost of MAs process is higher than the returns gained from by buying the company then it is not possible to expect a high economic performance. Assumption to this sentence, if there was a market to trade companies which guarantees to work rivalry then no one expects extraordinary profits. Basically, capital is the only driver behind MAs. But this process is not so simple although managers make decisions rationally, there are lots of facts that affects making decisions. There is an experiment which was made to a Turkish company that used outsource for its back office on integration. The results satisfied the management and showed that they reached an optimum growth rate by outsourcing .Cost saving is a way of increasing the financial performance after merger process. Managers of a company have to exploit situations such as overvaluation and opposite when firms over value or manager make syste matic faults then they have to turn back and correct these mistakes. Moreover, they are optimistic about outcomes which they fell like it is under their management. All these above shows the importance of corporate governance and managers must behave carefully not harm the company. If there will be a failure, it damages the company either the manager. I will use this theory to undertake merger process in my dissertation. The data of MAs performance process will be taken from dissimilar industrial companies. I will examine different companies from different parts of the world so we can say that this research will be general and global. Also different merger and acquisitions show differ from each other. Moreover, it affects the motives for MAs. To conclude my sentences above I will use the behavioural power of people and theories to find out peoples reactions and movements. Theoretically this research will fill the lack of misunderstanding of the merger process. Past acquisition and merger performance will analysed between companies with motives .

Entrepreneurship for Social Change Essay -- Social Issues, Business, O

Entrepreneurship for social change: Is the U.S. doing enough to encourage and support sustainable social innovation? Introduction: Throughout U.S. history the nonprofit and government sectors have addressed needs that are not being met by the marketplace through the provision of a variety of social goods and services ranging from health and human services to environmental conservation. In response to increased demand for these services, the number of nonprofits has grown by 59% over the past 20 years (Powell and Steinberg, 2006; NCCS, 2010). There are now over 1.5 million nonprofit organizations in the U.S. which account for 5 percent of GDP, 8.1 percent of the economy’s wages, and 9.7 percent of jobs (Wing, 2008). Over the same time period, government social programs also rapidly expanded in number and per capita cost (OCED, 2010) . While the social sector contributes significantly to societal well-being, traditional approaches have proven unable to fully address critical social problems or deal effectively with increased need. In the past, good intentions were enough; however, the recent push towards increased organizational transparency and accountability left stakeholders – politicians, government contract administrators, leaders in the social sector, and service recipients – demanding more. This created a paradigm shift, both internal to and external to the sector, in the expectations for social sector providers. Not only do organizations need more entrepreneurial approaches to provide innovative and more efficient ways of tackling difficult social problems, but also a commitment to increased outcomes-based program performance assessment. In light of the current fiscal situation, the sector is also experienci... ...nefits that SEs offer because the sector still lacks sufficient government and public awareness and support. The OSICP and SIF establish a framework for federal involvement in the social innovation process; however, they are merely a launching point for continued discussion. Countries like the UK provide an example of the positive impact that government support for SE can have in building the necessary bridges between business, nonprofits, and the government. As the government gains a better understanding of the capabilities and challenges associated with social innovation, it will be better positioned to establish the institutional structures and environmental conditions for SE to flourish. When supported appropriately, SEs can provide a self-sustaining, inclusive opportunity to strengthen the national economy while simultaneously serving a social need.

Weather anomalies very challenging

Nino weather anomalies very challenging. (10)Countries in the Monsoon climatic region of SE & S Asia depend on the rains that come with the precision of Calender dates (due to the precise dates of Sun's seasonal shift as per Calender dates). It is essential for their agriculture, where countries with huge populations have to feed them, made possible with assured crops. Any variation in timing ; rainfall quantum affects their crop production adversely. It also leads to unforeseen flooding caused by excessive rains (other environmental factors ike soil erosion aiding it) that washes out the crops.Monsoon is created by the Sea surface temperature variation (Pacific Ocean largely) as per Calender dates. El Nino refers to the unusual, unseasonal warming of the equatorial currents of the Pacific Ocean that upsets Monsoon. We all know how huge is this Ocean and how very broad (about 10000 miles) it is at its Equator; its sheer volume of water absorbs the solar heat energy and acts like an e ngine for the Monsoon. It is a challenge to these countries. Modellig it mathematically (an exercise in atmospheric Physics) is one of the most complicated problems with an innumerable set of parametrs ; that is a challenge.India bought the first ‘Cray' Super-Computer for its meteorological department that can give accuarte predictio(a) Suggest why many countries find El Nino weather anomalies very challenging. (10) El Nino is referring to the dramatic change that occurs in the walker circulation cell and in other areas but I am going to focus on this specific area, where the usually outh-easterly trade winds going from west of South America to Australia and Indonesia across the Pacific Ocean reverse or severely weaken.This occurs usually every 3-7 years and can last between 12-18 months. During an El Nino the warm sea in the western pacific migrate towards the South American coast because they are being dragged across by the winds. This stops the upwelling near South America and means that there are little nutrients in the sea. This lack of nutrients ruins the South American fishing industry and courses them to loose lots of income and money, for xample in 1982/83 El Nino the South American fishing industry lost $290 million.Also as you can sea from fgure 7 there is lots of rain fall on the west coast of South America due to the low pressure, this heavy rain fall cause severe flooding and mudslides that result in loss of life, an example of this was in central Ecuador and Peru in 1997 when it suffered rainfall 10 times the average rainfall, this caused extensive flooding and erosion as well as mudslides, there was loss of life and destruction of property as the country wasn't able to cope with the severe weather.On the other side of the pacific in Australia and Indonesia the cold weather reduces evaporation, which causes very little rain and therefore drought, for example in the 1982/83 El Nino eastern Australia suffered one of it's worst drought ever, resulting in a $2000 million loss in agriculture production. It causes crop failure and famine and many people died as a result.

Good Writers, Bad Books A NaNoWriMo Debrief

Good Writers, Bad Books A NaNoWriMo Debrief Good Writers, Bad Books: A NaNoWriMo Debrief NaNoWriMo is over! Whether you're out celebrating your achievement, or still mulling over your newborn novel, we thought we'd share  a personal, warm and fuzzy  NaNo experience with you, straight from our editor Rebecca Heyman, who did herself complete NaNoWriMo a few years ago. The first and only time I completed NaNoWriMo was back in 2004. I was a sophomore at NYU, and spent most of that November holed up in a coveted single dorm, smoking cigarettes out the room's lone window overlooking Third Avenue. As I recall, the manuscript was built around motifs of twinning, incest, stalking, obsession and - every college English major's favorite - death. We should all take a moment to give thanks to our respective gods that the entire thing was lost along with the hard drive on my first MacBook. It was the baddest of bad books, to put it very mildly.

Phyletic Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium Evolution Theory

Phyletic Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium Evolution Theory Evolution is the process by which generations of species undergo some changes in their biological traits over a given period. There are two theories that explain the process of evolution. They include phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. Scientists maintain that evolution can only happen as described by the theories (National Academy of Sciences 78).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Phyletic Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium Evolution Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Phyletic gradualism is a theory that explains a slow and consistent process of evolution that occurs in biological species. It further maintains that change in characteristics of these taxonomic groups involves splitting of the hereditary features of the species into different traits in the subsequent generations. On the other hand, punctuated equilibrium is an evolutionary theory, which holds the belief that the process of chan ge in biological characteristics is extremely fast. Punctuated equilibrium occurs immediately, and with respect to geology. People rarely notice the changed forms of the species because they exist and disappear very fast (Cook 53). Punctuated equilibrium makes the prediction of an impossibility in recording the characteristic changes whenever there is registration of an evolutionary process. For instance, there may be records of the ancestors of some species having resided at a certain place. At the same time, there could be a new taxonomic group undergoing evolution in a different area. The theory also predicts a reduction in the likelihood of ossification among the members (Ross 108).  Several processes can lead to rapid evolution. These include rivers that contain toxic substances and changes in climate. Rivers with toxicants can result in the evolution of the fish that lives in its water. These toxicants remain on the riverbeds and do not undergo any process of break down. Sci entists have made a discovery that fish, which lives in rivers contaminated with PCBs, normally evolve and develop some forms of characteristics that poisons from PCBs do not affect. The evolution happens very fast and in response to the effects of the toxicants present in the water of the rivers (Grant 133). Climate change also culminates in a faster evolutionary process that may lead to a rapid change in the DNA of the species. After analyzing the DNA of penguins that existed more than six thousand years ago and those that are still existing, scientists discovered that there was an alteration in the sequence of the genes before ending up with the current species.Advertising Looking for assessment on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This happened without any variation in the physical appearances of the penguins (Grant 134).  Environment is one of the factors that may lead to relative stasis. Semi-permanent stableness of the environment is one of the key factors that encourage evolutionary stasis. Any climatic change may result in the development of a new form of a disease. If there is no alteration in the climate, there will be no stress on the biological species. This ends up in lack of evolution because the species remain contented with everything around them. Unavailability of predatory animals may also lead to relative stasis. The species may only evolve in order to adapt to a dangerous environment if there is an existing danger. Absence of predators means no threat to the species hence no need for change (Ross 144).  There are several evidences put forward to show that there was life on earth in the early days. Scientists use stromatolites as proof for existence of organisms that had microscopic size, which lived a long time ago, and participated in the development of the sedimentary rocks. They claim that the microorganisms died, and their bodies formed the rocks. Carbon pres ence can also provide proof for living things having occupied the earth at the beginning. Living things do ingest carbon-12 (12C). Carbon-14 (14C) exists for a short time compared to 12C because it is a radioactive element. The existence of 12C bespeaks presence of life, or life that existed. Rocks with12C show that life existed in that area. There are numerous rocks, whose ages may be four billion years old and have 12C (Grant 186).  Upon looking at the differences in species’ characteristics and their changes, one discovers that the changes are minimal. This means that the evolutionary process was much slower. For example, one generation of fish species existed and did not have the surface for jawbones. One hundred years after the existence of the species with no jawbones, the subsequent generation that went through evolution developed jawbones. That is the only difference between the two generations. Another example is in the rocks with traces of microorganisms. There ar e remains of microorganisms with single cells in a rock that is five hundred and fifty million years old. A second rock that is five hundred years old has microorganisms with multiple cells. Changes in cells are the only evolutionary processes seen in the microorganisms (Hey 173).  Fossil records act as support for punctuated equilibrium. There are cases of tracing a species only within certain duration of time, and then it disappears completely.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Phyletic Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium Evolution Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The species took long before undergoing any form of characteristic change and then evolved very fast, leaving no evidences for its initial form (Ross 57).  In conclusion, evolution is a process that can occur acutely fast or slow. It can lead to the complete disappearance or change in some characteristics of the species. Pollution of the environment and changes in climate may lead to evolution. People should ensure that toxicants do not find their way into the environment. They should also ensure that they do not engage in activities that may result in climatic alterations, which may culminate in evolution. There are evidences of life in the early years, but the species disappeared due to ecological changes. Cook, Fuller Orator. Methods and Causes of Evolution. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1908. Print. Grant, Peter R., Grant, Rosemary B. In Search of the Causes of Evolution: From Field Observations to Mechanisms. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010. Print. Hey, Jody. Genes, Categories, and Species : The Evolutionary and Cognitive Cause of evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Print. National Academy of Sciences. In the Light of Evolution III: Two Centuries of Darwin. Washington: National Academies Press, 2009. Print. Ross, Robert M. , Allmon Warren D. Causes of Evolution: A Pal eontological Perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. Print.Advertising Looking for assessment on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Cognitive Processes Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cognitive Processes Paper - Essay Example Some processes result from the conscious mind whereas others are because of the sub-conscious mind (Ohta, MacLeod, and Uttl, 2005). Many cognitive processes affect storage, retrieval, and application of knowledge and information. One of these processes is attention. Attention is the ability to create a total focus or center concentration on one specific thing in the surrounding while ignoring the rest. The ability to pay attention is essential in obtaining details, clear description, and understanding. Without focusing on one thing at time, the human mind wanders to other subjects and may miss important details. Attention allows the brain to see things more vividly and clearly. Studies show that the brain can filter and focus on just one source of data while putting other sources on hold. The sources of data are the five senses. Attention is a cognitive process that one can learn. Majority of individuals have to train their brains on creating a focus to a single source of information at a time. Lack of attention causes the mind to capture fewer details as it divides the focus among the different sources. People with a high degree of attention perceive maximum details from the data source. There are different types of attention exhibited at different times. An individual working on a task for a long time will require sustained attention. An individual exercising sustained attention does not take breaks from the assignment at hand but keeps concentrating on it. An individual can learn this type of attention over time. At other times, an individual exercises selective attention. He or she must choose to stay on the task even when there are sources of possible distractions. The individual chooses to put the distractions on hold to attend to the task. Different circumstances force an individual to consider distractions passive and concentrate on the task actively. Some individuals can exercise divided attention while handling multiple tasks. Whether the

The Position of Biofuels In Europe Currently Literature review

The Position of Biofuels In Europe Currently - Literature review Example The rising consciousness with regard to the environmental problems have augmented the degree of emphasis on the production of biofuels and promoting it to be a fresh energy source. It needs to be mentioned in this context that Europe has been identified to be amongst the leading producers of biodiesel. This particular form of fuel was found to symbolise a major portion of the biofuels market in Europe (The European Association for Bioindustries, 2007). Europe has been found to further encourage the usage as well as production related to the biofuels with the help of numerous strategies accompanied with many action plans. The Reason for Development of Biofuel in Europe The prices associated with oil which appeared to scale escalating heights of volatility along with the climatic alterations was turning out to be the grave problems which needed immediate attention and solution both nationally as well as internationally. The ‘Kyoto Protocol’ which was developed by Japan mad e it mandatory for the member countries included in the European Union (EU) to bring down the level of greenhouse gas releases by 8 percent. This made the EU focus on the aspect of biofuel production (Gross & et. al., 2003). The production in relation to the biofuel was found to experience a sharp increase in Europe in the last few years owing to the need of trimming down releases of greenhouse gases. It was stated by Hammond & et. al. (2008) that the transport segment of Europe involved the major emission rates. It was further mentioned in this regard that spreading and enhancing the protection related to fuel supply was proficient of being attained by bringing down the immense dependency of transport on the fossil fuels (Hammond & et. al., 2008). The increase in the production was attributed to the development and application of the different policies that were undertaken and implemented by the European Union (EU). The EU had indulged in developing an assortment of directives for the reason of encouraging the European market related to biofuel. The EU was found to be aggressively engaged in structuring guiding principles which would aid in supporting and prompting in the market of Europe the usage of biofuel (European Commission, 2006). Therefore, the need for the production of biofuel in Europe was identified from the ‘Kyoto Protocol’. This made Europe embark on certain policies which were considered to prove encouraging for the production of biofuel. Second Generation of Biofuels & its Benefits to Europe The EU Commission was found to recommend in the beginning of 2007 an overall strategic aim which focused on restricting the boost in the international average temperature. This proposed plan was mentioned to be accomplished with the help of certain strategies. The definite set of strategies entailed the practice with regard to renewable energy to 20 percent in the year 2020, bringing down the degree of greenhouse gas releases by 20 percent and reduction in the consumption of energy by 20 percent. The most important strategy on which the proposed plan was based was mentioned to be the increase of biofuels by 10 percent by the year 2020. It becomes necessary to mention in this regard that the 10 percent increase of biofuels even entailed a net boost by 120, 000 in the field of employment which further entails the increase in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of EU by 0.17 percent. These objectives were made based on the