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Interval Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Soft Multi Set Theoretic Approach to Decision Making Problems - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2185 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Science Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Interval Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Soft Multi Set Theoretic Approach to Decision Making Problems Abstractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ In recent years the application of soft set in decision making problems has been developed rapidly since it can be applied easily to several areas like computer science, information technology, medical science, economics, environments, engineering, among other areas. In this paper, we give the application of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft multisets in real life decision making problems and proposed an algorithm to solve multi weighted interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft multiset based decision making problems by using weighted choice values. The feasibility of our proposed algorithm in practical applications is illustrated by a numerical example. Keywordsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ soft set; level soft set; weighted function; interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets; interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft multi set; dec ision making. . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Interval Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Soft Multi Set Theoretic Approach to Decision Making Problems" essay for you Create order I. Introduction The concept of soft set theory was first initiated by Molodstov [18] in 1999 as an important mathematical tool for dealing with vagueness, uncertainties and not clearly defined objects. Some new algebraic operations and results on soft set theory defined in [[2], [17]]. Adding soft sets [12] with fuzzy sets [15] and intuitionistic fuzzy sets [5], Maji et al. [13-16] defined fuzzy soft sets and intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets and studied their basic properties. As a generalization of soft set, Alkhazaleh and others [[1], [4], [7], [8], [26]] defined the notion of a soft multi set and its basic algebraic structures and general topological structures were studied. In 2007, Roy and Maji [21] presented a novel method to cope with fuzzy soft sets based decision making problems. Kong et al. [8] mentioned that the Roy-Maji algorithm [13] was wrong and they introduced a revised algorithm. Feng et al. [[9], [10]] studied the validity of the Roy-Maji algorithm [21] and mentioned that the Ro y-Maji Algorithm [13] has some limitations. Also, they proposed an adjustable approach to fuzzy soft sets based decision making problems by using thresholds and choice values and gave the application of level soft sets in decision making based on interval-valued fuzzy soft sets. Jiang et al. [11] studied interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets and their properties. There after Zhang et al. [24] presented a novel approach to interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft set based decision making. In 2012, Alkhazaleh and Salleh [3] initiated the notion of fuzzy soft multi set theory as a generalization of soft multi set theory and presented its application in decision making using Roy-Maji Algorithm [21]. As a generalization of fuzzy set theory [23], intuitionistic fuzzy set theory [5] and interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy set theory [6] makes descriptions of the objective more realistic, practical and accurate. Mukherjee and Das [19] introduced the concepts of intuitionistic fuzzy soft multi sets and studied intuitionistic fuzzy soft multi topological spaces in detail. Mukherjee et al. [20] also introduced the concepts of interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft multi sets and studied their relation in details. In this study, we have proposed an algorithm to solve multi weighted interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft multiset based decision making problems by using weighted choice values. The feasibility of our proposed algorithm in practical applications is illustrated with a numerical example. II. Preliminary Notes In this present section, we briefly recall some basic notions of soft set, interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy set, interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft multi set and level soft set. Suppose that, U be an initial universe and E be a set of parameters. Also, let P(U) denotes the power set of the universe U and Aƒ E. Definition 2.1 ([20]). A pair (F, A) is said to be a soft set over the universe U, where F is a mapping given by F: A ® P(U). Definition 2.2 ([6]). An interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy set (in short IVIF-set) A over a universe set U is defined as the object of the form where MY(x): U ®INT([0,1]) and NY(x): U ®INT([0,1]) are functions such that the condition: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢xÆ’Å ½U, 0 £ sup MY(x)+sup NY(x) £1 is satisfied (where INT[0,1] is the set of all closed intervals of [0,1]). Definition 2.3 ([24]). Suppose that be a set of universes, such that and let for each , be a sets of decision parameters. Also, let where is the set of all interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy subsets of , and . A pair is said to be an interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft multiset (in short IVIF-soft multiset) over the universe U, where F is a function given by F: A ® U, such that For illustration, we consider the following house, car and hotel example. Example 1. Let us consider three universes U1= {h1, h2, h3}, U2= {c1, c2, c3} and U3= {v1, v2, v3} are the sets of houses, cars and hotels respectively and let be the sets of respective decision parameters related to the above three universes. Let , and , such that Assume that, Mr. X wants to buy a house, a car and rent a hotel with respect to the three sets of decision parameters as in above. Suppose the resultant IVIF-soft multiset be given in TABLE I. ivif-Soft Multiset (F, A) Ui a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 U1 h1 h2 h3 ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.4]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.4,0.6], [0.1,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.1,0.3], [0.4,0.6]) ([0.5,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) U2 c1 c2 c3 ([0.6,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.2,0.4]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.3,0.4], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.4,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.3,0.7], [0.1,0.3]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) U3 v1 v2 v3 ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.4,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.3,0.7], [0.1,0.3]) ([0.4,0.6], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.3,0.4], [0.4,0.6]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) Definition 2.4 ([28]). Suppose that,   ¶= (F, A) be an IVIF-soft set over U, where Aƒ E and E is the parameter set. Let   ¬: A ® INT[0,1] ´INT[0,1] be an IVIF-set in A, which is called a threshold IVIF-set. The level soft set of   ¶ with respect to   ¬ is a crisp soft set L(  ¶;  ¬) = (F  ¬, A) defined by F  ¬(e) = {uÆ’Å ½U: [  LF(e)(u),  UF(e)(u)]  ³ [  L  ¬(e),  U  ¬(e)] and [  ®LF(e)(u),  ®UF(e)(u)]  £ [  ®L  ¬(e),  ®U  ¬(e)] }, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢eÆ’Å ½A. According to the definition, four types of special level soft set as Mid-level soft set L(  ¶; mid), Top-Bottom-level soft set L(  ¶; topbottom), Top-Top-level soft set L(  ¶; toptop) and Bottom-bottom-level soft set L(  ¶; bottombottom) are defined in [11]. III. Multi Weighted ivif-Soft Multiset In this present section, we introduce the concept of multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset and examine its application for decision making problems. If we allow the parameters to have different multi weights, then the multi weighted version of the IVIF-soft multiset can be defined as follows. Definition 3.1. A multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset   ¶ is a triple where (F, A) is an IVIF-soft multiset over U and is a multi weight function, where I = [0,1], specifying the weight wk=  ·(ak) for each attribute akÆ’Å ½A and a triple is called a Ui-weighted IVIF-soft multiset part of   ¶, where is a Ui IVIF-soft multiset part of (F, A) and is a weight function. Example 2. If we consider the IVIF-soft multiset be (F, A) as in TABLE I and suppose that Mr. X has imposed the following weights for the parameters in A: for the parameters Then we have a weighted   · for an IVIF-soft multiset (F, A), where and the IVIF-soft multiset (F, A) is changed into a multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset   ¶ = with its tabular representation as in TABLE II. Multi Weighted ivif-Soft Multiset   ¶ Ui a1, (0.7, 0.8,0.8) a2, (0.8, 0.7.0.6) a3, (0.7, 0.6,0.5) a4,(0.5, 0.3,0.4) a5,(0.7, 1,0.6) U1 h1 h2 h3 ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.4]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.4,0.6], [0.1,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.1,0.3], [0.4,0.6]) ([0.5,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) U2 c1 c2 c3 ([0.6,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.2,0.4]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.3,0.4], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.4,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.3,0.7], [0.1,0.3]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) U3 v1 v2 v3 ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.4,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.3,0.7], [0.1,0.3]) ([0.4,0.6], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.3,0.4], [0.4,0.6]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) Weighted U1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"ivif-Soft Multiset Part of   ¶ U1 a1 0.7 a2 0.8 a3 0.7 a4 0.5 a5 0.7 h1 h2 h3 ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.4]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.4,0.6], [0.1,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.1,0.3], [0.4,0.6]) ([0.5,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) IV. Multi Weighted ivif-Soft Multiset Theoretic Approch to Decision Making Based on Zhangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Algorithm A. Zhang et alà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s algorithm based on weighted choice values Zhang et al. [28] used the following adjustable approch to weighted IVIF-soft set based decision-making by using weighted choice values. Algorithm 1(Zhangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Algorithm). Input a weighted IVIF-soft set Â à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" = lt;F, A,   ·gt; Input a threshold IVIF-set   ¬: A ®INT[0,1] ´INT[0,1] for decision making. Compute the level soft set L(Â à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å";  ¬) of Â à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" with respect to the threshold IVIF-set   ¬. Present L(Â à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å";  ¬) in tabular form and obtain the weighted choice value Si of uiÆ’Å ½U, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢i. The final optimal decision is to select uk if Sk = maxi Si. If k has more than one value then any one of uk may be chosen. B. Application of IVIF-soft multisets in decision-making problems In this section, we propose an algorithm (Algorithm 2) for IVIF-soft multi sets based decision making problems, using Zhangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Algorithm [7], as described above. In the following, we have to show our algorithm (Algorithm 2): Algorithm 2. Input a multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset   ¶ =(F, A,   ·) Apply Zhangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Algorithm to the first weighted IVIF-soft multiset part in   ¶ to get the decision Sk1. Modify the weighted IVIF-soft multiset   ¶ by keeping all values in each row where Sk1 is maximum and replacing the values in the other rows by zero, to get   ¶1. Apply Zhangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Algorithm to the second weighted IVIF-soft multiset part in   ¶1 to get the decision Sk2 Modify the multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset   ¶1 by keeping the first and second parts and apply the method in step (3) to the third part. Apply Zhangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Algorithm to the third weighted IVIF-soft multiset part in   ¶2 to get the decision Sk3. Continuing in this way we get the final optimal decision (Sk1, Sk2, Sk3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Remark 1. In the step (7) of our algorithm (Algorithm 2), if there are too many optimal choices obtained, then decision maker may go back to the step (2) as in our algorithm (Algorithm 2) and replace the level soft set (decision criterion) that he/she once used to adjust the final optimal decision. C. Application in decision-making problems Let us consider the decision making problem involving the multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset   ¶ with its tabular representation given by TABLE II. If we deal with this problem by mid-level decision rule, we shall use the mid-threshold of weighted U1- IVIF-soft multiset part in   ¶ and we the mid-level soft set of weighted U1 IVIF-soft multiset part in   ¶ with weighted choice values with tabular representation is in TABLE IV. Mid-Level Soft Set of Weighted U1-ivif-Soft Multiset Part of   ¶ with Weighted Choice Values U1 a1 0.7 a2 0.8 a3 0.7 a4 0.5 a5 0.7 Choice value Weighted choice value(sk) h1 h2 h3 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 3 3 s1=0.5 s2=1.9 s3=2.2 From TABLE IV, it is clear that the maximum weighted choice value is 2.2, scored by h3. Now we redefine the weighted interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft multi set   ¶ by keeping all values in each row where h3 is maximum and replacing the values in the other rows by zero, to get   ¶1. Multi Weighted ivif-Soft Multiset   ¶1 Ui a1, (0.7, 0.8,0.8) a2, (0.8, 0.7.0.6) a3, (0.7, 0.6,0.5) a4,(0.5, 0.3,0.4) a5,(0.7, 1,0.6) U1 h1 h2 h3 ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.4]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.4,0.6], [0.1,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.1,0.3], [0.4,0.6]) ([0.5,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) U2 c1 c2 c3 ([0.6,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.2,0.4]) 0 0 0 0 0 0 ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) U3 v1 v2 v3 ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.4,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.3,0.7], [0.1,0.3]) 0 0 0 0 0 0 ([0.3,0.4], [0.4,0.6]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) Now we apply Zhangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Algorithm to the second weighted IVIF-soft multiset part in   ¶1 to take the decision from the availability set U2. The tabular representation of the second resultant weighted IVIF-soft multiset part of   ¶1 will be as in TABLE VI. Mid-Level Soft Set of Weighted U2-ivif-Soft Multiset Part in   ¶1 with Weighted Choice Values U2 a1, 0.8 a2, 0.7 a3, 0.6 a4, 0.3 a5, 1 Choice value Weighted choice value(sk) c1 c2 c3 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 s1=0.8 s2=1.7 s3=1.8 From TABLE VI, it is clear that the maximum weighted choice value is 1.8, scored by c3. Now we redefine the weighted IVIF-soft multiset   ¶1 by keeping all values in each row where c3 is maximum and replacing the values in the other rows by zero, to get   ¶2. Multi Weighted ivif-Soft Multiset   ¶2 Ui a1, (0.7, 0.8,0.8) a2, (0.8, 0.7.0.6) a3, (0.7, 0.6,0.5) a4,(0.5, 0.3,0.4) a5,(0.7, 1,0.6) U1 h1 h2 h3 ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.4]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.4,0.6], [0.1,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.1,0.3], [0.4,0.6]) ([0.5,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.2,0.4], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.2,0.3], [0.4,0.7]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.5]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) U2 c1 c2 c3 ([0.6,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.2,0.4]) 0 0 0 0 0 0 ([0.4,0.5], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.6,0.7], [0.2,0.3]) ([0.7,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) U3 v1 v2 v3 ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.2,0.3]) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ([0.3,0.4], [0.4,0.6]) ([0.5,0.6], [0.3,0.4]) ([0.5,0.8], [0.1,0.2]) Now we apply Algorithm 1 to the third weighted IVIF-soft multiset part in   ¶2 to take the decision from the availability set . The tabular representation of the third resultant weighted IVIF-soft multiset part of   ¶2 is as in TABLE VIII. Mid-Level Soft Set of Weighted U3-ivif-Soft Multiset Part in   ¶2 with Weighted Choice Values U3 a1, 0.8 a2, 0.6 a3, 0.5 a4, 0.4 a5, 0.6 Choice value Weighted choice value(sk) v1 v2 v3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 s1=0 s2=0.8 s3=0.6 From the TABLE VIII, we have to seen that the maximum weighted choice value is 0.8, by v2. Thus from above results, the final optimal decision for decision maker Mr. X is (h3, c3, v2). Remark 2. From the above illustration, we have seen that our algorithm (Algorithm 2) is too simple and less computation. We have to consider only weighted choice values of objects in thresholds of weighted IVIF-soft multiset part. Also, our algorithm (Algorithm 2) is an adjustable algorithm, because the level soft set (decision rule) used by decision makers, which are changeable. For example, if we take top-level decision criterion in step (2) of our algorithm (Algorithm 2), then we have the weighted choice value of each object in the top-level soft set of weighted IVIF-soft multiset parts in the multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset, if we take another decision rule such as the mid-level decision criterion, then we have weighted choice values from the mid-level soft set of weighted IVIF-soft multiset parts in the multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset. Generally, the weighted choice values of a same object in the mid-level decision rule and in the mid-level decision rule are need not coincide. V. Conclusion In this research work, the notion of multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset is to be defined and also, we propose an adjustable approach to multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset based decision making by using weighted choice values and illustrate this algorithm with a numerical example. In our algorithm, a multi weighted IVIF-soft multiset is converted into a crisp soft set for solving decision making problems after considering certain opinion weighting vectors and thresholds. This makes our algorithm simpler and easier for real life practical applications. The feasibility of our proposed algorithm in real life practical problems is illustrated with a numerical example.
Sunday, December 22, 2019
Problems Within Education Today s Education Essay
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I had to be active and always busy rather if I am home or not. Children have been spending more time indoors with some type of electronic within their possession and not engaging in any type of physical activity. It has affect the state of GeorgiaRead MoreFinal Paper. Ashton L Young. College Of Charleston . .1223 Words  | 5 Pagesto address equality of education post Brown v. Board of education (1954). I will discuss the challenges of desegregation, what challenges minority students still face in America s public schools post Brown v. Board, and how might we transform education so that all students receive equal opportunity according to Dewey and Paolo. Education Post Brown v. Board Brown versus the Board of Education set the precedent for schooling in America with the ideals of equal education to all, no matter raceRead MoreSocial Change And The 21st Century Classroom1464 Words  | 6 PagesWhile 21st Century learning and teaching is always changing, it is as dynamic as the world around us. There are many factors including globalisation, social change and technology, which are driving changes in education, with a variety of positive and negative impacts on teaching and learning in the 21st Century. With ongoing changes in teaching practices, which in turn changes the attitudes of today’s teachers and learners. A 21st century classroom is a productive environment where the teachers areRead MoreMinority Groups And The Minority Group Within Special Education1698 Words  | 7 PagesDisproportionality refers to the overrepresentation or underrepresentation of a minority group within special education programs and services. The disproportionate represent ation of minority students in special education has been an ongoing and significant matter in education for decades. More and more minority children are being identified as disabled or having an intellectual disability or learning disability. However, in most cases the children are being misdiagnosed and consequently, are beingRead MoreMoral Values1480 Words  | 6 Pagestopic due to the fact that it is based primarily on individual opinions. Moral values constantly change with the generations. However, most people would agree that today s moral values are more tolerant of behaviour that, a generation ago, would have been considered obscene and immoral. For example, sex on television is accepted by today s public as normal, but until the 1980s one could hardly say the word sex on television without being condemned. Yes, our society is currently in a rapid decline
Saturday, December 14, 2019
Leadership Path-Goal Theory Free Essays
string(192) " performance and relationship Before making a decision, critically analyzing the consequences and the action itself will provide some ethical enlightenment to the problem that is being faced\." Introduction Leadership is a serious task that has to betaken by those who are able to understand the society in an objective way. Certainly, the idea of becoming a leader requires serious thinking. Becoming a leader requires efforts that start with personal development and adjustments. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Path-Goal Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are numerous theories and practices that help the hopeful leaders in becoming the person that they want to be. In the paper to follow, a reflection on one’s ability and self-improving processes would be discussed in the view of the author of this paper. Being a leader is a serious task that requires serious effort and determination to adjust on the part of the person who wants to pursue on being a leader in his or her own field of interest. As Peter Northouse refer to leadership as a â€Å"change that would affect the whole personality of an individual†(2006, 16). It is not true that leaders are born, they are made. Through self-restructuring of themselves, the leaders of today have sprung out from actually being nothing to becoming influential personalities in the human society. How? Because of their determination to make a change to the society that rooted out from the changes that they had to make on themselves in the first place. This is the reason why in this paper, a self-examination process shall be utilized to learn the importance of self-adjustment in becoming a leader. Leadership is one of the most common practices that is found and applied on the different organizations around the world. The need for governance has mainly increased the pressure on institutions specializing in educating aspiring leaders with the needed skills that they are expected to have when they are already working on their own fields of interest. Leadership for many is a virtue learned through the experience of becoming great followers. It requires effort and ample time before it could be said to be the perfect way of showing leadership. It could be obviously seen how much the people who are considered leaders in the world are viewed as exemplary people and not as people who knows only to command and drives other to work. When it comes to the business industry, the character involving refined leadership is a must to be possessed by everyone. Yes, as leadership itself has strongly affected the lives of many people in the business industry, it indeed is an important character. The idea of being a leader itself is never that easy. Though, through careful and patient learning in adjusting one’s self to be able to adapt to the necessary needed characters of a leader, a refined leadership is never that impossible to acquire. When it comes to the definition of leadership, many groups or organizations have their own view of the characters and responsibilities involved in being a leader. As for example, House defines â€Å"leadership†organizationally and narrowly as â€Å"the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members†(House, R. J. 2004: page 15). Indeed, the success of the leader would naturally determine the success of the organization he or she is acquainted with. This is the main reason why many people tend to really deeply learn the art of leadership. Mainly aiming to alleviate the effectiveness of one’s leadership skills, leadership schools and courses were opened especially regarding the business industries. This is the reason why the need for path-goal theory application is an insisted demand upon those individuals who are longing to become effective le aders of the organizations that they are aiming to serve. How the Path-Goal Theory is Effectively Utilized The path goal theory is more of a directive motivation on the part of the individuals who are aiming to become leaders of their own groups. The idea is to motivate themselves to motivate others. It is undeniable that people get personal motivation from different areas of life. They naturally get influenced by the different systems of understanding that they particularly grow fond of as they deal with the different challenges that they need to face as individuals everyday. These growth sources could be both derived from theoretical assessments of the situation along with the experiential measure of the situation. It is undeniably true that experience itself makes the theoretical background of each individual grow to a more applicable aspect of learning on the part of each person’s growth. Theoretical learning aspects could be sourced out from institutional instructions while that of the actual learning aspect could be sourced out from on the job trainings or from actual based experiences. Self-learned theories could be observed to have the personal impact of insisting administrative practice of leadership upon a person’s life. How could self-assessment be performed by an individual wanting to be an effective leader? Applying Personal Growth in Leading the Group Being a leader requires many humane aspects in different personality region. Mainly, it requires psychological stability for holding together the team which is to be lead or the subordinates, mental capacity for making critical reasoning and proper judgment, and sociological for relating with the people within the team. Certain traits aside from these are also much required such as interpersonal charisma and pleasing personality. All of these are vital in leadership because of the main fact that the people within the team will look up to him or her for the decisions, actions and guidance thus his or her responsibility is quite complex and morally challenging (Lashway, 1996). Since being a leader is an important task and it deals with people, performing it involves many moral and ethical aspects and if these issues are in contrast with the leader’s personal values then severe contradictions can occur. Thus, the personal ethics is important in playing the role of a leader because whatever the leader’s moral values are will reflect to his team thus influencing their performance and relationship Before making a decision, critically analyzing the consequences and the action itself will provide some ethical enlightenment to the problem that is being faced. Though taking the job, which is considered unethical, would not compromise the moral values of the person, it will surely affect the conscience and the performance of the person and being a leader, this scenario would not post pleasant environment. Considering the impact of the unethical nature of the company would give the applicant a broader contextual perception of the dilemma. (Center for Ethics and Business, 2006). Thus, by looking at the problem completely then other perspective can be considered such as the consequences that the person can do to influence the ethical position of the company. As a leader in the company, the person can establish certain ethical policies that can promote positive outcomes instead of solely focusing on the negative aspect of the company. As an example, making policies and regulation that strongly prohibits smoking among the minors or launching campaigns educating the public regarding ideas of moderate smoking which would increase the pleasant appeal of the company to the society. It may sound very idealistic but it will surely affect the ethical and moral perception of the people with the company thus reflecting positive economic asset to the enterprise itself. A leader has the responsibility to promote the moral values and ethics in his or her work place and this also includes the company’s image itself. By being a leader, a person powers can extend to aspect such as creating an ethical environment regarding the employment he or she pursue with moral adhesion. Instead of seeing a certain job as something unethical, consider a perspective of how a person can make a certain job ethical for himself or herself and the social community they belong lived in. Dealing with such issues of organizational assistance of truthfully realizing their organization’s worth to the society should be faced with the leader with integrity and power over what is wrong. How does he know what is wrong? The theoretical background that he may have learned from school or other instructional institutions that he has attended may as well serve well in these particular situations. Whereas on the other hand, his personal experiences on the matter could profoundly assist him in making considerable decisions that are bound to do something that is progressive for the entire business. The present world is beset with problems that defy solution. So as to be able to meet the challenges of becoming a fine leader for the majority, this paper then requires personal adjustments on a hopeful leader. As it is believed by Northouse, a leader is someone who has competencies in changing the society by starting within himself. (2006, 25) Yes, changing the society is a large responsibility. Providing the people of what they need is a vital part of the responsibilities of being a leader. A hopeful leader could not attain the said goals and complete the said responsibilities without working on his personality first. Not unless he is able to reach his best potential as a person would he be able to bring out the best potential on others that could help them attain their dreams as well. Yes, personal development is essential for creating a leader within one’s self. Realizing one’s personal capabilities and limitations would help one recognize that others too have their own limitations and capabilities. People who have the capability of seeing people as persons who are capable of improving and developing are the ones who become successful leaders of the society. Applying the Leadership Concepts as Learned from Theory and Experience There are different issues of leadership that each person faces in terms of organizational administration. It is indeed helpful that one knows how to deal with each situation as one actually differs from the other. There are at least five major ways of leadership that could be applied in this particular situation of personal growth. Model the Way This particularly refers to the ability of the appointed leaders to become role models for other members of the group. The fact that they are placed in position, means that they have a certain characteristic that is particularly inspiring. The utilization of the said character shall help the leader set a pattern for others to follow. Once the road has been set, the reality of success is not that hard to foresee. Inspire a Shred Vision Unity is one of the primary reasons behind the success of different organizations. Once each member is able to envision the real goal of the organization as to where they are actually headed to, the inspiration begins. Indeed, everyone has the right to get involved in what is happening and thus be able to understand where the direction of the group is taking them. Challenge the Process Challenging the process does not mean changing the procedures of the organization abruptly. With ample time of adjustment and informing the members of the changes that are to be made, the procedural changes could occur. From this particular way, the organization is beginning to open its doors to other alternatives of meeting the goals of the group. However, to do so, careful planning and examination of the possibilities should be done. Enable Others to Act Including other members of the group within the system of procedural arrangements is one type of motivation that makes everyone in the organization feel that they are of great use for the achievement of the group’s goal. Hence, achieving the goals with them leaves them with the satisfaction of work that they primarily expect from the group upon joining. Encourage the Heart Simply involving the members within the job are not enough. Leaders ought to encourage their members through making them realize of their worth to the group. To do so, the leaders are expected to be able to figuratively touch the hearts of the members of the group so as to empower them to perform better not only for the organization’s sake but for their own benefit as well. Through the consideration given to the five steps of leadership as enlisted above, it could be expected that the appointed authorities would be equipped with the necessary skills that they need to set a straight path for success for the entire organization. However, to do so, it should be remembered that the effective utilization of empowering communication should be applied as well. Without the existence of the said connection between the leaders, the victory that is being achieved may not become reality at all. Conclusion Setting path-goal theory as a major source of improvement upon organizations is a primary effective process of strengthening the capability of the leaders and of the other members as well to face the different issues that the entire groups need to face with everyday. This particularly means that the changes that organizations are required to meet every now and then require an ample amount of patience and courage from the leaders. Aside from that, it also requires sturdiness when it comes to decision making on the part of the leaders. The policy of â€Å"what must be implemented must be implemented†should always be carried on through by the leaders with an ample scaling of the ethical values that are involved within the situation. Yes, the fact that leadership is not an easy challenge that needs to be conscientiously met identifies the qualities and the attitudes that leaders or aspiring organizational head personnel should posses. Hence, a leader is then supposed to face the said challenges in full courage and knowledge of the strategies that need to be applied in particular situations that they are to meet. Changes need to happen individually. However, making a leader out of one’s self is not an easy task. As they say, the worst enemy one could ever have is one’s own self. This is why learning the art of leadership requires the determination to do well on the said matter. If one is determined to become the best leader he could be, he should be able to accept self-changes and adjustments to be able to attain the goals of becoming and efficient leader. Hence by becoming individually effective as a leader, the learning of theoretical leadership along with the implication of the learning that one gains from experience could be established well as part of the major aspects of application that could be utilized for establishing a fine practice of leadership as per noted by an individual upon himself and his colleagues as well. Through personal assessment of the matter, motivating people would become an easier task on the part of the leader himself. References: Bolman, L.G. Deal, T.E. (2003) Reframing Organizations: Artistry, Choice and Leadership, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Howard Garland. Relation of Effort-Performance Expectancy to Performance in Goal-Setting Experiments. Departments of Management and Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington. Journal of Applied Psychology. 1984, Vol 69, No 1, 79-84. Thomas W. Lee. Explaining the Assigned Goal-Incentive Interaction: The Role of Se/f-Efficacy and Personal Goals. Journal of Management 1997, Vol. 23, No. 4, 541-559. How to cite Leadership Path-Goal Theory, Essay examples
Friday, December 6, 2019
Narrative of an Indigenous Australian
Question: Discuss about the Narrative of an Indigenous Australian, Female Hockey Athlete: Nova Peris. Answer: The lifespan of human beings with adverse mental illness is too short due to intense physical illness. In her autobiography, Nova Peris was born in 1971 and was sensitive about mental and physical health illnesses. Nova Peris infrequently hyperventilated due to anxiety obtained when playing hockey games. Nova appealed to a sports psychologist to help her maintain fatigues and stress resulting from long periods of play in the field. Unlike other hockey players, Nova Peris considered herself fit and secure enough that she did not require frequent visits to the psychologists as that was the protocol of the Hockey (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, 2016). Nova suffered flu and fever in 2000, a health issue that threatened her planned goal of competing at the Olympics in Sydney. Nova Peris as well suffered a hamstring injury that made it impossible for her to assist her Hockeyroos counterparts in Sydney Olympics competition. To maintain her health fitness, Nova pleaded with her coach R ic Charlesworth to take a group of team colleagues to Cobourg for a seven day off in 1966. This helped in building her mental power and reducing stress and fatigue. Mental and physical illness directly caused premature death for Nova's teammates, but for Nova Peris, the commitment she made to herself to ensuring health improvement steps that made her remain fit to participate in 1998 Commonwealth hockey games. Her sense of responsibility to tradition, coupled with the memory of Nova's memory to reconnecting with her natural father, John Christophersen created a significant mental capacity for her (White, 2008). The prospect of success for a healthy transition to a physically and mentally ill indigenous woman, residing in the traditional land of the Murray people and moving with Sean Kneebone her boyfriend made her social life better and thus avoided emotional stress. However, Peris Nova psychology was adversely affected for she felt discriminated and alienated against when she lived at Queensland with Sean Kneebone. However, the move to live at Queensland facilitated Novas career improvement and development since she could run and play hockey everytime which helped reduce fatigue (Bond, Phillips, Osmond, 2015). In this story of Nova Peris, the early of 1997 the indigenous woman moved from Queensland city to Melbourne where she briefly trained at the Victorian Institute of Sport. However, her health started deteriorating while at Melbourne due to poisonous atmosphere brought about by the misunderstanding and breakup of Nic Bideau with his girlfriend, Cathy Freeman. The emotional stress to her friend affected her mental fitness, and this made her return to her husband where the atmosphere was more friendly for maintaining health measures. Poor lifestyle is blamed for economic, environmental, and political factors but the lack of exercises, lack of social fitness, and inability to control stress are the major factors hindering healthy living. In this autobiography, Nova is seen to have teammates whose burden for injuries and physical unfitness lowered their life expectancy levels. This health disadvantage faced by indigenous hockey women players may get related to lack of recognition and acknowledgment that daily body exercises contribute to healthy living (Judd, 2015). However, Nova is seen to be a different woman who knows the importance of mental and physical fitness as it is observed in her autobiography. The late of 1997, Peris moved to train with the handling speed intelligently unit in the US under the management of John Smith. Peris Nova's story has impacts to her personal life, her family, her community, and the indigenous society as a whole. To her life, when she suffered fever, flu, and hamstring injuries in 2000, she never participated in Sydney Olympics competition, and this primarily brought mental stress and lack of mental power fitness to her life. Also, in her autobiography, Peris has persistently taken right measures to maintain her body fitness to be healthy and avoid obesity in her body (Parker Milroy, 2014). However, her friends conflicts with their social friends affect her mental power. Peris Nova is seen to be mentally unfit especially when she goes to train with the handling speed intelligence unit in the US since the manager; John Smith had a fallout with her husband, Sean Kneebone. The story of Peris Nova shapes the future of her community for people can learn the importance of physical and mental fitness for healthy living. Her teammates made regular visits to psychologists to get advice on how to manage family and personal demands with little or no stress (Hollinsworth, 2013). Clearly, the impact of physical and mental illness will have a far long term effect on the newborn indigenous children. Her ability to maintain social and psychological stress is described by her own ability to train hard in the hockey field. She has shown as a role model the effects of physical activities and mental fitness in the healthy living of a person. She trained every day, and whenever the environment became unconducive, she could return to that social setting where the training and the life atmosphere was fit for physical and mental growth. Peris Nova is the role model to both the indigenous women and all women living in the society as a whole. Her participation in 1998 Commonwealth games around Australia establishes an excellent profile to indigenous female athletes while her involvement in the Sydney Olympics Organizing Committee contributes to further development of women co-curriculum activities in the city (Tsey et al., 2010). Her inspirational desire to ensure healthy living with no physical and mental illness makes women in the town of Melbourne and Sydney portray her as an active role model on the athletic stage for all traditions and cultures. In conclusion, this narrative about Peris Nova provides sufficient evidence that physical exercises and living in a conducive social environment contribute to healthy living. The media plays a critical role in creating awareness about indigenous healthy living measures that assist women to avoid health issues of stress, mental and physical illness as well as avoiding obesity (Stronach, Maxwell, Taylor, 2016). Women should make the choice of honoring healthy living measures by pursuing daily exercises and engaging in community beneficial activities. The playing of hockey creates an efficient opportunity for people to start a success journey of their health story that would positively impact on the lives of numerous indigenous populations. References Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, (2016). Overview of Australian Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander health status, 2015.Perth, WA: Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. Bond, C., Phillips, M. G., Osmond, G. (2015). Crossing Lines: Sports HistoryTransformative Narratives, and Aboriginal Australia.The International Journal of the History of Sport,32(13), 1531-1545. Hollinsworth, D. (2013). Decolonizing Indigenous disability in Australia.Disability Society,28(5), 601-615. Judd, B. (2015). Good sports: representations of Aboriginal people in Australian sports.Knowledge of Life: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australia, 184. Parker, R., Milroy, H. (2014). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health: an overview.Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice. 2nd ed. Canberra: Department of The Prime Minister and Cabinet, 25-38. Stronach, M., Maxwell, H., Taylor, T. (2016). Sistas and Aunties: sport, physical activity, and Indigenous Australian women.Annals of Leisure Research,19(1), 7-26. Tsey, K., Whiteside, M., Haswell?Elkins, M., Bainbridge, R., Cadet?James, Y., Wilson, A.(2010). Empowerment and Indigenous Australian health: a synthesis of findings from Family Wellbeing formative research.Health social care in the community,18(2), 169-179. White, L. (2008). One athlete, one nation, two flags: Cathy Freeman and Australia's search forAboriginal reconciliation.Sporting Traditions,25(2), p.1.
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